Back End Development

Build cross-platform apps with .NET MAUI! This exciting new technology helps you create mobile and desktop apps using a common set of .NET tools.

In .NET MAUI in Action you will learn how to:

• Set up your environment for cross-platform development
• Write an interactive UI in XAML using out-of-the-box controls
• Apply the MVVM pattern to build maintainable code
• Extend your control library with custom controls
• Structure your app using common navigation paradigms
• Use common device features like GPS
• Use DevOps tools to automate deployment and testing

.NET MAUI in Action shows you how you can use the cutting-edge MAUI framework to write apps that will run on Windows, Android, macOS, and iOS platforms using your existing .NET development skills. This book reveals essential MAUI development techniques through hands-on example applications in every chapter. You’ll learn cross-platform development quickly as you start building your own rich apps, from to-do list apps, to a movie recommender app, and eventually a full-stack solution using enterprise architecture patterns. You’ll also learn how to use GitHub Actions to deploy robust, testable, and maintainable apps; and how to deliver a consistent look and feel across platforms. Throughout, you’ll use the built-in controls of .NET MAUI and learn how to develop your own custom solutions.

A collection of best practices and design standards for web and internal APIs. In API Design Patterns you will learn:

• Guiding principles for API patterns
• Fundamentals of resource layout and naming
• Handling data types for any programming language
• Standard methods that ensure predictability
• Field masks for targeted partial updates
• Authentication and validation methods for secure APIs
• Collective operations for moving, managing, and deleting data
• Advanced patterns for special interactions and data transformations

API Design Patterns reveals best practices for building stable, user-friendly APIs. These design patterns can be applied to solve common API problems and flexibly altered to fit your specific needs. Hands-on examples and relevant use-cases illustrate patterns for API fundamentals, advanced functionalities, and even uncommon scenarios.

A web API is an efficient way to communicate with an application or service. However, this convenience opens your systems to new security risks.

API Security in Action gives you the skills to build strong, safe APIs you can confidently expose to the world. Inside, you’ll learn to construct secure and scalable REST APIs, deliver machine-to-machine interaction in a microservices architecture, and provide protection in resource-constrained IoT (Internet of Things) environments.

Elevate your practical C# and .NET skills to the next level with this new edition of Apps and Services with .NET 8.

With chapters that put a variety of technologies into practice, including Web API, gRPC, GraphQL, and SignalR, this book will give you a broader scope of knowledge than other books that often focus on only a handful of .NET technologies. You’ll dive into the new unified model for Blazor Full Stack and leverage .NET MAUI to develop mobile and desktop apps.

This new edition introduces the latest enhancements, including the seamless implementation of web services with ADO.NET SqlClient's native Ahead-of-Time (AOT) support. Popular library coverage now includes Humanizer and Noda Time. There’s also a brand-new chapter that delves into service architecture, caching, queuing, and robust background services.

By the end of this book, you’ll have a wide range of best practices and deep insights under your belt to help you build rich apps and efficient services.

What you will learn

• Familiarize yourself with a variety of technologies to implement services, such as gRPC and GraphQL
• Store and manage data locally and cloud-natively with SQL Server and Cosmos DB
• Use ADO.NET SqlClient to implement web services with native AOT publish support
• Leverage Dapper for improved performance over EF Core
• Implement popular third-party libraries such as Serilog, FluentValidation, Humanizer, and Noda Time
• Explore the new unified hosting model of Blazor Full Stack

Who this book is for

This book is for .NET developers interested in exploring more specialized libraries and implementation fundamentals behind building services and apps. You’ll need to know your way around .NET and C# quite well before you can dive in, so if you want to work your way up to this book, you can pick up Mark’s other .NET book, C# 12 and .NET 8 – Modern Cross-Platform Development Fundamentals, first.

Organizations today often struggle to balance business requirements with ever-increasing volumes of data. Additionally, the demand for leveraging large-scale, real-time data is growing rapidly among the most competitive digital industries. Conventional system architectures may not be up to the task. With this practical guide, you’ll learn how to leverage large-scale data usage across the business units in your organization using the principles of event-driven microservices.

Author Adam Bellemare takes you through the process of building an event-driven microservice-powered organization. You’ll reconsider how data is produced, accessed, and propagated across your organization. Learn powerful yet simple patterns for unlocking the value of this data. Incorporate event-driven design and architectural principles into your own systems. And completely rethink how your organization delivers value by unlocking near-real-time access to data at scale.

You’ll learn:

• How to leverage event-driven architectures to deliver exceptional business value
• The role of microservices in supporting event-driven designs
• Architectural patterns to ensure success both within and between teams in your organization
• Application patterns for developing powerful event-driven microservices
• Components and tooling required to get your microservice ecosystem off the ground

As organizations shift from monolithic applications to smaller, self-contained microservices, distributed systems have become more fine-grained. But developing these new systems brings its own host of problems. This expanded second edition takes a holistic view of topics that you need to consider when building, managing, and scaling microservices architectures.

Through clear examples and practical advice, author Sam Newman gives everyone from architects and developers to testers and IT operators a firm grounding in the concepts. You'll dive into the latest solutions for modeling, integrating, testing, deploying, and monitoring your own autonomous services. Real-world cases reveal how organizations today manage to get the most out of these architectures.

Microservices technologies continue to move quickly. This book brings you up to speed.

• Get new information on user interfaces, container orchestration, and serverless
• Align system design with your organization's goals
• Explore options for integrating a service with your system
• Understand how to independently deploy microservices
• Examine the complexities of testing and monitoring distributed services
• Manage security with expanded content around user-to-service and service-to-service models

FastAPI is an Asynchronous Server Gateway Interface (ASGI)-based framework that can help build modern, manageable, and fast microservices. Because of its asynchronous core platform, this ASGI-based framework provides the best option when it comes to performance, reliability, and scalability over the WSGI-based Django and Flask. When working with Python, Flask, and Django microservices, you'll be able to put your knowledge to work with this practical guide to building seamlessly manageable and fast microservices.

You'll begin by understanding the background of FastAPI and learning how to install, configure, and use FastAPI to decompose business units. You'll explore a unique and asynchronous REST API framework that can provide a better option when it comes to building microservices. After that, this book will guide you on how to apply and translate microservices design patterns in building various microservices applications and RESTful APIs using the FastAPI framework.

By the end of this microservices book, you'll be able to understand, build, deploy, test, and experiment with microservices and their components using the FastAPI framework.

What you will learn

• Understand, orient, and implement REST APIs using the basic components of the FastAPI framework
• Build asynchronous as well as synchronous REST services using the built-in pydantic module and asyncio support
• Create small-scale and large-scale microservices applications using features supported by FastAPI
• Build event-driven and message-driven applications using the framework
• Create an asynchronous and synchronous data layer with both relational and NoSQL databases
• Perform numerical and symbolic computations with FastAPI

Who this book is for

This book is for Python web developers, advanced Python developers, and backend developers using Flask or Django who want to learn how to use the FastAPI framework to implement microservices. Readers familiar with the REST API and microservices will also benefit from this book. Some parts of the book contain general concepts, processes, and instructions that intermediate-level developers and Python enthusiasts can relate to as well.

This latest edition of the bestselling Packt series will give you a solid foundation to start building projects using modern C# and .NET with confidence.

You'll learn about object-oriented programming; writing, testing, and debugging functions; and implementing interfaces. You'll take on .NET APIs for managing and querying data, working with the fi lesystem, and serialization. As you progress, you'll explore examples of cross-platform projects you can build and deploy, such as websites and services using ASP.NET Core.

This latest edition integrates .NET 8 enhancements into its examples: type aliasing and primary constructors for concise and expressive code. You'll handle errors robustly through the new built-in guard clauses and explore a simplified implementation of caching in ASP.NET Core 8.

If that's not enough, you'll also see how native ahead-of-time (AOT) compiler publish lets web services reduce memory use and run faster. You'll work with the seamless new HTTP editor in Visual Studio 2022 to enhance the testing and debugging process. You'll even get introduced to Blazor Full Stack with its new unified hosting model for unparalleled web development flexibility.

What you will learn

• Discover C# 12's new features, including aliasing any type and primary constructors
• Try out the native AOT publish capability for ASP.NET Core 8 Minimal APIs web services
• Build rich web experiences using Blazor Full Stack, Razor Pages, and other ASP.NET Core features
• Integrate and update databases in your apps using Entity Framework Core models
• Query and manipulate data using LINQ
• Build and consume powerful services using Web API and Minimal API

Who this book is for

This book is for beginners as well as intermediate-level C# and .NET programmers who have worked with C# in the past and want to catch up with the changes made in the last few years. Prior exposure to C# or .NET is not a prerequisite. A general understanding of programming will help you to work through the book more comfortably, though the content is suitable for those completely new to programming. If you already have some C# and .NET skills and want to focus on developing practical apps, you can pick up Mark’s other .NET book, Apps and Services with .NET 8, instead.

Understand what to do at any point in developing a clean .NET architecture

Master advanced .NET techniques with a focus on actual value delivered by working within a modular, clean architecture. Microsoft Data Platform MVP Dino Esposito explains key clean architecture concepts with a mix of pragmatism and design discipline and helps you solidify your knowledge through a real-world project. Starting with an explanation of the quest for modular software architecture continuing through the methodology of domain-driven design (DDD), Esposito emphasizes the role that modularization plays in managing complexity in software development. Breaking down the layers of an architecture that is modular and maintainable, he presents a sample project that is not simply another to-do list, but an actual tool for the reader. Ultimately, an exploration of common dilemmas for both developers and operations brings together historical developments with real solutions for today.

Microsoft Data Platform MVP Dino Esposito helps you:

• Understand the relevance of modular software architecture in the history of software
• Review domain-driven design concepts both, strategic and practical
• Apply modular analysis techniques to your development
• Make the most of layered architecture
• Make the most of layered architecture that is modular and maintainable
• Explore in detail the individual layerspresentation, application, domain and infrastructure
• Make sense of domain services to separate raw persistence from persistence-related business tasks
• Make your way through a series of C# best-practices for modeling classes from real-world entities
• Understand the benefits of microservices versus modular monoliths
• Understand the analysis of technical shortcuts and benefits of long-term technical investment
• Understand client-side, server-side and other common deployment dilemmas
• Set up your architecture, test your conclusions, and find even more help

Concurrency in .NET teaches you how to build concurrent and scalable programs in .NET using the functional paradigm. This intermediate-level guide is aimed at developers, architects, and passionate computer programmers who are interested in writing code with improved speed and effectiveness by adopting a declarative and pain-free programming style.

The Snowflake Data Cloud is one of the fastest-growing platforms for data warehousing and application workloads. Snowflake's scalable, cloud-native architecture and expansive set of features and objects enables you to deliver data solutions quicker than ever before.

Yet, we must ensure that these solutions are developed using recommended design patterns and accompanied by documentation that’s easily accessible to everyone in the organization.

This book will help you get familiar with simple and practical data modeling frameworks that accelerate agile design and evolve with the project from concept to code. These universal principles have helped guide database design for decades, and this book pairs them with unique Snowflake-native objects and examples like never before – giving you a two-for-one crash course in theory as well as direct application.

By the end of this Snowflake book, you’ll have learned how to leverage Snowflake’s innovative features, such as time travel, zero-copy cloning, and change-data-capture, to create cost-effective, efficient designs through time-tested modeling principles that are easily digestible when coupled with real-world examples.

What you will learn

• Discover the time-saving benefits and applications of data modeling
• Learn about Snowflake’s cloud-native architecture and its features
• Understand and apply modeling techniques using Snowflake objects
• Universal modeling concepts and language through Snowflake objects
• Get comfortable reading and transforming semistructured data
• Learn directly with pre-built recipes and examples
• Learn to apply modeling frameworks from Star to Data Vault

Who this book is for

This book is for developers working with SQL who are looking to build a strong foundation in modeling best practices and gain an understanding of where they can be effectively applied to save time and effort. Whether you’re an ace in SQL logic or starting out in database design, this book will equip you with the practical foundations of data modeling to guide you on your data journey with Snowflake. Developers who’ve recently discovered Snowflake will be able to uncover its core features and learn to incorporate them into universal modeling frameworks.

You’ve got data to communicate. But what kind of visualization do you choose, how do you build your visualizations, and how do you ensure that they're up to the demands of the Web?

In Data Visualization with JavaScript, you’ll learn how to use JavaScript, HTML, and CSS to build practical visualizations for your data. Step-by-step examples walk you through creating, integrating, and debugging different types of visualizations and you'll be building basic visualizations (like bar, line, and scatter graphs) in no time.

You'll also learn how to:

• Create tree maps, heat maps, network graphs, word clouds, and timelines
• Map geographic data, and build sparklines and composite charts
• Add interactivity and retrieve data with AJAX
• Manage data in the browser and build data-driven web applications
• Harness the power of the Flotr2, Flot, Chronoline.js, D3.js, Underscore.js, and Backbone.js libraries

If you already know your way around building a web page but aren’t quite sure how to build a good visualization, Data Visualization with JavaScript will help you get your feet wet without throwing you into the deep end. You’ll soon be well on your way to creating simple, powerful data visualizations.

Download the source code

Data Wrangling with JavaScript is hands-on guide that will teach you how to create a JavaScript-based data processing pipeline, handle common and exotic data, and master practical troubleshooting strategies.

When it comes to choosing, using, and maintaining a database, understanding its internals is essential. But with so many distributed databases and tools available today, it’s often difficult to understand what each one offers and how they differ. With this practical guide, Alex Petrov guides developers through the concepts behind modern database and storage engine internals.

Throughout the book, you’ll explore relevant material gleaned from numerous books, papers, blog posts, and the source code of several open source databases. These resources are listed at the end of parts one and two. You’ll discover that the most significant distinctions among many modern databases reside in subsystems that determine how storage is organized and how data is distributed.

This book examines:

• Storage engines: Explore storage classification and taxonomy, and dive into B-Tree-based and immutable Log Structured storage engines, with differences and use-cases for each
• Storage building blocks: Learn how database files are organized to build efficient storage, using auxiliary data structures such as Page Cache, Buffer Pool and Write-Ahead Log
• Distributed systems: Learn step-by-step how nodes and processes connect and build complex communication patterns
• Database clusters: Which consistency models are commonly used by modern databases and how distributed storage systems achieve consistency

Along with the exponential growth of API adoption comes a rise in security concerns about their implementation and inherent vulnerabilities. For those seeking comprehensive insights into building, deploying, and managing APIs as the first line of cyber defense, this book offers invaluable guidance. Written by a seasoned DevSecOps expert, Defending APIs addresses the imperative task of API security with innovative approaches and techniques designed to combat API-specific safety challenges.

The initial chapters are dedicated to API building blocks, hacking APIs by exploiting vulnerabilities, and case studies of recent breaches, while the subsequent sections of the book focus on building the skills necessary for securing APIs in real-world scenarios.

Guided by clear step-by-step instructions, you’ll explore offensive techniques for testing vulnerabilities, attacking, and exploiting APIs. Transitioning to defensive techniques, the book equips you with effective methods to guard against common attacks. There are plenty of case studies peppered throughout the book to help you apply the techniques you’re learning in practice, complemented by in-depth insights and a wealth of best practices for building better APIs from the ground up.

By the end of this book, you’ll have the expertise to develop secure APIs and test them against various cyber threats targeting APIs.

What you will learn

• Explore the core elements of APIs and their collaborative role in API development
• Understand the OWASP API Security Top 10, dissecting the root causes of API vulnerabilities
• Obtain insights into high-profile API security breaches with practical examples and in-depth analysis
• Use API attacking techniques adversaries use to attack APIs to enhance your defensive strategies
• Employ shield-right security approaches such as API gateways and firewalls
• Defend against common API vulnerabilities across several frameworks and languages, such as .NET, Python, and Java

Who this book is for

This book is for application security engineers, blue teamers, and security professionals looking forward to building an application security program targeting API security. For red teamers and pentesters, it provides insights into exploiting API vulnerabilities. API developers will benefit understanding, anticipating, and defending against potential threats and attacks on their APIs. While basic knowledge of software and security is required to understand the attack vectors and defensive techniques explained in the book, a thorough understanding of API security is all you need to get started.

With the immense cost savings and scalability the cloud provides, the rationale for building cloud native applications is no longer in question. The real issue is how. With this practical guide, developers will learn about the most commonly used design patterns for building cloud native applications using APIs, data, events, and streams in both greenfield and brownfield development.

You'll learn how to incrementally design, develop, and deploy large and effective cloud native applications that you can manage and maintain at scale with minimal cost, time, and effort. Authors Kasun Indrasiri and Sriskandarajah Suhothayan highlight use cases that effectively demonstrate the challenges you might encounter at each step.

• Learn the fundamentals of cloud native applications
• Explore key cloud native communication, connectivity, and composition patterns
• Learn decentralized data management techniques
• Use event-driven architecture to build distributed and scalable cloud native applications
• Explore the most commonly used patterns for API management and consumption
• Examine some of the tools and technologies you'll need for building cloud native systems

Follow real-world API projects from concept to production, and learn hands-on how to describe and design APIs using OpenAPI.

In Designing APIs with Swagger and OpenAPI you will learn how to:

• Understand OpenAPI syntax and structure
• Use Swagger and other tooling to create OpenAPI definitions
• Design authentication and authorization
• Turn an OpenAPI description into online documentation
• Automate processes and generating code
• Iterate an API design with user stories
• Build a frontend against a mock server
• Generate backend code with Swagger Codegen
• Versioning an API and dodging breaking changes
• Work with cross-functional teams

Designing APIs with Swagger and OpenAPI is a comprehensive guide to designing and describing your first RESTful API using the most widely adopted standards. Following expert instruction from Swagger core contributor Josh Ponelat and API consultant Lukas Rosenstock, you’ll spend each chapter progressively expanding the kind of APIs you’ll want to build in the real world. You’ll utilize OpenAPI and Swagger to help automate your workflow, and free up your time to work on more exciting features. Learn the syntax and structure of OpenAPI definitions, create and iterate on an API design with common tools, and release your API to the public.

Data is at the center of many challenges in system design today. Difficult issues need to be figured out, such as scalability, consistency, reliability, efficiency, and maintainability. In addition, we have an overwhelming variety of tools, including relational databases, NoSQL datastores, stream or batch processors, and message brokers. What are the right choices for your application? How do you make sense of all these buzzwords?

In this practical and comprehensive guide, author Martin Kleppmann helps you navigate this diverse landscape by examining the pros and cons of various technologies for processing and storing data. Software keeps changing, but the fundamental principles remain the same. With this book, software engineers and architects will learn how to apply those ideas in practice, and how to make full use of data in modern applications.

• Peer under the hood of the systems you already use, and learn how to use and operate them more effectively
• Make informed decisions by identifying the strengths and weaknesses of different tools
• Navigate the trade-offs around consistency, scalability, fault tolerance, and complexity
• Understand the distributed systems research upon which modern databases are built
• Peek behind the scenes of major online services, and learn from their architectures

Build powerful, production-ready search applications using the incredible features of Elasticsearch.

In Elasticsearch in Action, Second Edition you will discover:

• Architecture, concepts, and fundamentals of Elasticsearch
• Installing, configuring, and running Elasticsearch and Kibana
• Creating an index with custom settings
• Data types, mapping fundamentals, and templates
• Fundamentals of text analysis and working with text analyzers
• Indexing, deleting, and updating documents
• Indexing data in bulk, and reindexing and aliasing operations
• Learning search concepts, relevancy scores, and similarity algorithms

Elasticsearch in Action, Second Edition teaches you to build scalable search applications using Elasticsearch. This completely new edition explores Elasticsearch fundamentals from the ground up. You’ll deep dive into design principles, search architectures, and Elasticsearch’s essential APIs. Every chapter is clearly illustrated with diagrams and hands-on examples. You’ll even explore real-world use cases for full text search, data visualizations, and machine learning. Plus, its comprehensive nature means you’ll keep coming back to the book as a handy reference!

JavaScript lies at the heart of almost every modern web application, from social apps like Twitter to browser-based game frameworks like Phaser and Babylon. Though simple for beginners to pick up and play with, JavaScript is a flexible, complex language that you can use to build full-scale applications.

This much anticipated and thoroughly revised third edition of Eloquent JavaScript dives deep into the JavaScript language to show you how to write beautiful, effective code. It has been updated to reflect the current state of JavaScript and web browsers and includes brand-new material on features like class notation, arrow functions, iterators, async functions, template strings, and block scope. A host of new exercises have also been added to test your skills and keep you on track.

As with previous editions, Haverbeke continues to teach through extensive examples and immerses you in code from the start, while exercises and full-chapter projects give you hands-on experience with writing your own programs. You start by learning the basic structure of the JavaScript language as well as control structures, functions, and data structures to help you write basic programs. Then you’ll learn about error handling and bug fixing, modularity, and asynchronous programming before moving on to web browsers and how JavaScript is used to program them. As you build projects such as an artificial life simulation, a simple programming language, and a paint program, you’ll learn how to:

• Understand the essential elements of programming, including syntax, control, and data
• Organize and clarify your code with object-oriented and functional programming techniques
• Script the browser and make basic web applications
• Use the DOM effectively to interact with browsers
• Harness Node.js to build servers and utilities

Isn’t it time you became fluent in the language of the Web?

Enterprise Java Microservices is an example-rich tutorial that shows how to design and manage large-scale Java applications as a collection of microservices.

Entity Framework Core in Action, Second Edition is an in-depth guide to reading and writing databases with EF Core. Revised from the bestselling original edition, it’s filled with over 100 diagrams, code snippets, and examples—including building and scaling your own bookselling web application. Learn from author Jon Smith’s extensive experience working with EF Core in production, as you discover time-saving patterns and best practices for security, performance tuning, and unit testing. All of the book’s code is available on GitHub.

Now in its third edition, this bestselling guide to TypeScript takes you through the nuts and bolts of the language. No frills, no fuss—just TypeScript essentials!

TypeScript enhances JavaScript with static typing, while keeping all the JS flexibility you know and love! It’s the perfect choice for any developer looking to improve the predictability and reliability of their code.

Essential TypeScript 5, Third Edition teaches you how to get the most out of TypeScript 5 for a consistent, dependable development experience.

Inside Essential TypeScript 5, Third Edition you’ll learn how to:

• Configure the TypeScript development tools
• Use type annotations
• Create strongly typed functions and classes
• Use generic types
• Use type guards to determine types
• Create and consume type declaration files
• Use TypeScript to create web applications with Angular and React

The book starts you off with a proper understanding of the JavaScript type system that will make using TypeScript so much easier. On that solid foundation, you’ll build your understanding of TypeScript development, following a hands-on learning path all the way to TypeScript’s advanced features.

Event-driven architecture in Golang is an approach used to develop applications that shares state changes asynchronously, internally, and externally using messages. EDA applications are better suited at handling situations that need to scale up quickly and the chances of individual component failures are less likely to bring your system crashing down. This is why EDA is a great thing to learn and this book is designed to get you started with the help of step-by-step explanations of essential concepts, practical examples, and more.

You'll begin building event-driven microservices, including patterns to handle data consistency and resiliency. Not only will you learn the patterns behind event-driven microservices but also how to communicate using asynchronous messaging with event streams. You'll then build an application made of several microservices that communicates using both choreographed and orchestrated messaging.

By the end of this book, you'll be able to build and deploy your own event-driven microservices using asynchronous communication.

What you will learn

• Understand different event-driven patterns and best practices
• Plan and design your software architecture with ease
• Track changes and updates effectively using event sourcing
• Test and deploy your sample software application with ease
• Monitor and improve the performance of your software architecture

Who this book is for

This hands-on book is for intermediate-level software architects, or senior software engineers working with Golang and interested in building asynchronous microservices using event sourcing, CQRS, and DDD. Intermediate-level knowledge of the Go syntax and concurrency features is necessary.

Express in Action is a carefully designed tutorial that teaches you how to build web applications using Node and Express.

FastAPI is a young yet solid framework that takes advantage of newer Python features in a clean design. As its name implies, FastAPI is indeed fast, rivaling similar frameworks in languages such as Golang. With this practical book, developers familiar with Python will learn how FastAPI lets you accomplish more in less time with less code.

Author Bill Lubanovic covers the nuts and bolts of FastAPI development with how-to guides on various topics such as forms, database access, graphics, maps, and more that will take you beyond the basics. This book also includes how-to guides that will get you up to speed on RESTful APIs, data validation, authorization, and performance. With its similarities to frameworks like Flask and Django, you'll find it easy to get started with FastAPI.

Through the course of this book, you will:

• Learn how to build web applications with FastAPI
• Understand the differences between FastAPI, Starlette, and pydantic
• Learn two features that set FastAPI apart: asynchronous functions and data type checking and validation
• Examine new features of Python 3.8+, especially type annotations
• Understand the differences between sync and async Python
• Learn how to connect with external APIs and services

Take full creative control of your web applications with Flask, the Python-based microframework. With the second edition of this hands-on book, youâ??ll learn Flask from the ground up by developing a complete, real-world application created by author Miguel Grinberg. This refreshed edition accounts for important technology changes that have occurred in the past three years.

Explore the frameworkâ??s core functionality, and learn how to extend applications with advanced web techniques such as database migrations and an application programming interface. The first part of each chapter provides you with reference and background for the topic in question, while the second part guides you through a hands-on implementation.

If you have Python experience, youâ??re ready to take advantage of the creative freedom Flask provides. Three sections include:

• A thorough introduction to Flask: explore web application development basics with Flask and an application structure appropriate for medium and large applications
• Building Flasky: learn how to build an open source blogging application step-by-step by reusing templates, paginating item lists, and working with rich text
• Going the last mile: dive into unit testing strategies, performance analysis techniques, and deployment options for your Flask application

If you’re an existing Java developer who wants to go full stack or pick up another frontend framework, this book is your concise introduction to React. In this three-part build-along, you’ll create a robust Spring Boot backend, a React frontend, and then deploy them together.

This new edition is updated to Spring Boot 3 and includes expanded content on security and testing. For the first time ever, it also covers React development with the in-demand TypeScript.

You’ll explore the elements that go into creating a REST API and testing, securing, and deploying your applications. You’ll learn about custom Hooks, third-party components, and MUI.

By the end of this book, you'll be able to build a full stack application using the latest tools and modern best practices.

What you will learn

• Make fast and RESTful web services powered by Spring Data REST
• Create and manage databases using ORM, JPA, Hibernate, and more
• Explore the use of unit tests and JWTs with Spring Security
• Employ React Hooks, props, states, and more to create your frontend
• Harness the Material UI component library to customize your frontend
• Use the fetch API, Axios, and React Query for networking
• Add CRUD functionality to your apps
• Deploy your apps using AWS and Docker

Who this book is for

This book is for Java developers who have basic familiarity with Spring Boot but don’t know where to start when it comes to building full stack applications. Basic knowledge of JavaScript and HTML will help you to follow along. You'll also find this book useful if you're a frontend developer with knowledge of JavaScript basics and looking to learn full stack development, or a full stack developer experienced in other technology stacks looking to learn a new one.

Build hyper-fast and hyper-efficient web applications with GraphQL! This practical, comprehensive guide introduces the powerful GRANDStack for developing full stack web applications based in graph data structures.

In Full Stack GraphQL Applications you will learn how to:

• Build backend functionalities for GraphQL applications
• Model a GraphQL API with GraphQL type definitions
• Utilize Neo4j as a backend database
• Handle authentication and authorization with GraphQL
• Implement pagination and rate limiting in a GraphQL API
• Develop a GraphQL service with Apollo Server
• Install Neo4j Database on different platforms
• Create a basic frontend application using React and Apollo Client
• Deploy a full stack GraphQL application to the cloud

The GraphQL query language radically reduces over-fetching or under-fetching of data by constructing precise graph-based data requests. In

Full Stack GraphQL Applications you’ll learn how to build graph-aware web applications that take full advantage of GraphQL’s amazing efficiency. Neo4j’s William Lyon teaches you everything you need to know to design, deploy, and maintain a GraphQL API from scratch. He reveals how you can build your web apps with GraphQL, React, Apollo, and Neo4j Database, aka “the GRANDstack,” to get maximum performance out of GraphQL.

Functional Programming in JavaScript teaches JavaScript developers functional techniques that will improve extensibility, modularity, reusability, testability, and performance. Through concrete examples and jargon-free explanations, this book teaches you how to apply functional programming to real-life development tasks

In the newly revised third edition of Fundamentals of Database Management Systems, veteran database expert Dr. Mark Gillenson delivers an authoritative and comprehensive account of contemporary database management. The Third Edition assists readers in understanding critical topics in the subject, including data modeling, relational database concepts, logical and physical database design, SQL, data administration, data security, NoSQL, blockchain, database in the cloud, and more.

The author offers a firm grounding in the fundamentals of database while, at the same time, providing a wide-ranging survey of database subfields relevant to information systems professionals. And, now included in the supplements, the author's audio narration of the included PowerPoint slides! Readers will also find:

• Brand-new content on NoSQL database management, NewSQL, blockchain, and database-intensive applications, including data analytics, ERP, CRM, and SCM
• Updated and revised narrative material designed to offer a friendly introduction to database management
• Renewed coverage of cloud-based database management
• Extensive updates to incorporate the transition from rotating disk secondary storage to solid state drives

Get Programming with JavaScript is a hands-on introduction to programming for readers who have never programmed. You'll be writing your own web apps, games, and programs in no time!

Get Programming with JavaScript Next introduces the modern age of JavaScript programming with ES6 and ES7 without dragging you through confusing jargon and abstract examples you'll never use. In just 34 quick-fire sessions, you'll quickly be coding with the latest features and functions of ES6 and ES7!

Get Programming with Node.js Get Programming with Node.js teaches you to write server-side code in JavaScript using Node.js. In 37 fast-paced, fun, and practical lessons, you'll discover how to extend your existing JavaScript skills to write back-end code for your web applications.

Go Web Programming teaches you how to build scalable, high-performance web applications in Go using modern design principles.

Relationships in data often look far more like a web than an orderly set of rows and columns. Graph databases shine when it comes to revealing valuable insights within complex, interconnected data such as demographics, financial records, or computer networks. In

Graph Databases in Action, experts Dave Bechberger and Josh Perryman illuminate the design and implementation of graph databases in real-world applications. You'll learn how to choose the right database solutions for your tasks, and how to use your new knowledge to build agile, flexible, and high-performing graph-powered applications!

Build super fast and super secure microservices with the gRPC high-performance messaging protocol and powerful Go language.

In gRPC Microservices in Go you’ll learn:

• Designing and implementing resilient microservice architecture
• Testing microservices
• Deploying microservices to the cloud with modern orchestration tools
• Monitoring and overseeing microservices

The powerful gRPC Remote Procedure Call framework delivers superior speed and security over protocols like REST. When paired with Golang’s low-level efficiency and flexibility, gRPC and Go become a killer combination for latency-sensitive microservices applications.

gRPC Microservices in Go shows you how to utilize these powerful tools to build production-grade microservices. You’ll learn to develop microservice inter-service communication patterns that are powered by gRPC, design backward compatible APIs, and apply hexagonal architecture to microservices.

Get a comprehensive understanding of gRPC fundamentals through real-world examples. With this practical guide, you’ll learn how this high-performance interprocess communication protocol is capable of connecting polyglot services in microservices architecture, while providing a rich framework for defining service contracts and data types.

Complete with hands-on examples written in Go, Java, Node, and Python, this book also covers the essential techniques and best practices to use gRPC in production systems. Authors Kasun Indrasiri and Danesh Kuruppu discuss the importance of gRPC in the context of microservices development.

Dive into C# and create apps, user interfaces, games, and more using this fun and highly visual introduction to C#, .NET Core, and Visual Studio. With this completely updated guide, which covers C# 8.0 and Visual Studio 2019, beginning programmers like you will build a fully functional game in the opening chapter. Then you'll learn how to use classes and object-oriented programming, create 3D games in Unity, and query data with LINQ. And you'll do it all by solving puzzles, doing hands-on exercises, and building real-world applications. By the time you're done, you'll be a solid C# programmer--and you'll have a great time along the way!

Based on the latest research in cognitive science and learning theory, Head First C# uses a visually rich format to engage your mind rather than a text-heavy approach that puts you to sleep. Why waste your time struggling with new concepts? This multisensory learning experience is designed for the way your brain really works.

This brain-friendly guide teaches you everything from JavaScript language fundamentals to advanced topics, including objects, functions, and the browser’s document object model. You won’t just be reading—you’ll be playing games, solving puzzles, pondering mysteries, and interacting with JavaScript in ways you never imagined. And you’ll write real code, lots of it, so you can start building your own web applications. Prepare to open your mind as you learn (and nail) key topics including:

• The inner details of JavaScript
• How JavaScript works with the browser
• The secrets of JavaScript types
• Using arrays
• The power of functions
• How to work with objects
• Making use of prototypes
• Understanding closures
• Writing and testing applications

We think your time is too valuable to waste struggling with new concepts. Using the latest research in cognitive science and learning theory to craft a multi-sensory learning experience, Head First JavaScript Programming uses a visually rich format designed for the way your brain works, not a text-heavy approach that puts you to sleep. This book replaces Head First JavaScript, which is now out of print.

What if William Shakespeare were asked to generate the Fibonacci series or Jane Austen had to write a factorial program? In If Hemingway Wrote JavaScript, author Angus Croll imagines short JavaScript programs as written by famous wordsmiths. The result is a peculiar and charming combination of prose, poetry, and programming.

The best authors are those who obsess about language—and the same goes for JavaScript developers. To master either craft, you must experiment with language to develop your own style, your own idioms, and your own expressions. To that end, If Hemingway Wrote JavaScript playfully bridges the worlds of programming and literature for the literary geek in all of us.

Featuring original artwork by Miran Lipovača.

"If Hemingway Wrote JavaScript is a strange and beautiful book." —Robin Sloan, author Mr. Penumbra’s 24‑Hour Bookstore

"Will surely delight programmers and give a few belly laughs to literature lovers...an inventive work of fictional humor that takes coding to a whole new literate level." —Foreword Reviews

"Best hypothetical question we've heard in a while." —The Millions

Irresistible APIs provides step-by-step guidance for designing APIs that reflect an application's core business value, delight the developers who use them, and will stand the test of time. In it, business product managers and developers learn how to treat an API as a first-class product.

Master Java persistence using the industry-leading tools Spring Data and Hibernate.

In Java Persistence with Spring Data and Hibernate you will learn:

• Mapping persistent classes, value types, and inheritance
• Mapping collections and entity associations
• Processing transactions with Spring Data and Hibernate
• Creating fetch plans, strategies, and profiles
• Filtering data
• Building Spring Data REST projects
• Using Java persistence with non-relational databases
• Querying JPA with QueryDSL
• Testing Java persistence applications

Java Persistence with Spring Data and Hibernate teaches you the ins-and-outs of Java persistence with hands-on examples using Spring Data, JPA, and Hibernate. The book carefully analyzes the capabilities of the major Java persistence tools, and guides you through the most common use cases. By comparing and contrasting the alternatives, you’ll find it easy to choose the right tool choice for your applications. You’ll learn how to make and utilize mapping strategies, about the different approach to transactions for both Hibernate and Spring Data, and even how to efficiently test Java persistence applications. The practical techniques are demonstrated with both relational and non-relational databases.

The fate of most applications is often sealed before a single line of code has been written. How is that possible? Simply, bad design assures bad results. Good design and effective processes are the foundation on which maintainable applications are built, scaled, and improved. For JavaScript developers, this means discovering the tooling, modern libraries, and architectural patterns that enable those improvements.

JavaScript Application Design: A Build First Approach introduces techniques to improve software quality and development workflow. You'll begin by learning how to establish processes designed to optimize the quality of your work. You'll execute tasks whenever your code changes, run tests on every commit, and deploy in an automated fashion. Then you'll focus on designing modular components and composing them together to build robust applications.

JavaScript Crash Course is a fun-filled, fast-paced introduction to programming with JavaScript. Dive right in and you’ll be writing code, solving problems, and building working web applications and games in no time.

You’ll start by learning fundamental programming concepts, such as variables, arrays, objects, functions, conditionals, loops, classes, and more. Aided by engaging examples and hands-on exercises, you’ll build on this foundation and combine JavaScript with HTML and CSS to create interactive web applications that you can run right away.

Then you’ll put your new skills into play with three substantial projects: a Pong-style game with a virtual opponent, an app that generates electronic music, and a platform for visualizing data fetched from an API.

Along the way, you’ll learn how to:

• Update web pages in real time by manipulating the Document Object Model
• Trigger functions in response to events like key presses and mouse clicks
• Generate graphics and animations with JavaScript and HTML’s Canvas element
• Visualize data with the D3.js library and scalable vector graphics (SVG)
• Make electronic music with Tone.js and the Web Audio API

If you’ve been thinking about digging into programming, JavaScript Crash Course will get you writing real programs fast. Why wait any longer? Jump on your magic carpet and ride!

This book demonstrates the capabilities of JavaScript for web application development by combining theoretical learning with code exercises and fun projects that you can challenge yourself with. The guiding principle of the book is to show how straightforward JavaScript techniques can be used to make web apps ranging from dynamic websites to simple browser-based games.

JavaScript from Beginner to Professional focuses on key programming concepts and Document Object Model manipulations that are used to solve common problems in professional web applications. These include data validation, manipulating the appearance of web pages, working with asynchronous and concurrent code.

The book uses project-based learning to provide context for the theoretical components in a series of code examples that can be used as modules of an application, such as input validators, games, and simple animations. This will be supplemented with a brief crash course on HTML and CSS to illustrate how JavaScript components fit into a complete web application.

As you learn the concepts, you can try them in your own editor or browser console to get a solid understanding of how they work and what they do. By the end of this JavaScript book, you will feel confident writing core JavaScript code and be equipped to progress to more advanced libraries, frameworks, and environments such as React, Angular, and Node.js.

What you will learn

• Use logic statements to make decisions within your code
• Save time with JavaScript loops by avoiding writing the same code repeatedly
• Use JavaScript functions and methods to selectively execute code
• Connect to HTML5 elements and bring your own web pages to life with interactive content
• Make your search patterns more effective with regular expressions
• Explore concurrency and asynchronous programming to process events efficiently and improve performance
• Get a head start on your next steps with primers on key libraries, frameworks, and APIs

Who this book is for

This book is for people who are new to JavaScript (JS) or those looking to build up their skills in web development. Basic familiarity with HTML & CSS would be beneficial.

Whether you are a junior or intermediate developer who needs an easy-to-understand practical guide for JS concepts, a developer who wants to transition into working with JS, or a student studying programming concepts using JS, this book will prove helpful.

JavaScript is the programming language of the web and is used by more software developers today than any other programming language. For nearly 25 years this best seller has been the go-to guide for JavaScript programmers. The seventh edition is fully updated to cover the 2020 version of JavaScript, and new chapters cover classes, modules, iterators, generators, Promises, async/await, and metaprogramming. You’ll find illuminating and engaging example code throughout.

This book is for programmers who want to learn JavaScript and for web developers who want to take their understanding and mastery to the next level. It begins by explaining the JavaScript language itself, in detail, from the bottom up. It then builds on that foundation to cover the web platform and Node.js.

Topics include:

• Types, values, variables, expressions, operators, statements, objects, and arrays
• Functions, classes, modules, iterators, generators, Promises, and async/await
• JavaScript’s standard library: data structures, regular expressions, JSON, i18n, etc.
• The web platform: documents, components, graphics, networking, storage, and threads
• Node.js: buffers, files, streams, threads, child processes, web clients, and web servers
• Tools and language extensions that professional JavaScript developers rely on

The second edition of Keycloak - Identity and Access Management for Modern Applications is an updated, comprehensive introduction to Keycloak and its updates.

In this new edition, you will learn how to use the latest distribution of Keycloak. The recent versions of Keycloak are now based on Quarkus, which brings a new and improved user experience and a new admin console with a higher focus on usability. You will see how to leverage Spring Security, instead of the Keycloak Spring adapter while using Keycloak 22. As you progress, you’ll understand the new Keycloak distribution and explore best practices in using OAuth. Finally, you'll cover general best practices and other information on how to protect your applications.

By the end of this new edition, you’ll have learned how to install and manage the latest version of Keycloak to secure new and existing applications using the latest features.

What you will learn

• Understand how to install, configure, and manage the latest version of Keycloak
• Discover how to obtain access tokens through OAuth 2.0
• Utilize a reverse proxy to secure an application implemented in any programming language or framework
• Safely manage Keycloak in a production environment
• Secure different types of applications, including web, mobile, and native applications
• Discover the frameworks and third-party libraries that can expand Keycloak

Who this book is for

This book is for developers, sysadmins, security engineers, or anyone who wants to leverage Keycloak and its capabilities for application security. Basic knowledge of app development, authentication, and authorization is expected.

Build fast, efficient Kubernetes-based Java applications using the Quarkus framework, MicroProfile, and Java standards.

In Kubernetes Native Microservices with Quarkus and MicroProfile you’ll learn how to:

• Deploy enterprise Java applications on Kubernetes
• Develop applications using the Quarkus runtime
• Compile natively using GraalVM for blazing speed
• Create efficient microservices applications
• Take advantage of MicroProfile specifications

Popular Java frameworks like Spring were designed long before Kubernetes and the microservices revolution.

Kubernetes Native Microservices with Quarkus and MicroProfile introduces next generation tools that have been cloud-native and Kubernetes-aware right from the beginning. Written by veteran Java developers John Clingan and Ken Finnigan, this book shares expert insight into Quarkus and MicroProfile directly from contributors at Red Hat. You’ll learn how to utilize these modern tools to create efficient enterprise Java applications that are easy to deploy, maintain, and expand.

If you work with SQL Server, dbatools is a lifesaver. This book will show you how to use this free and open source PowerShell module to automate just about every SQL server task you can imagine—all in just one month!

In Learn dbatools in a Month of Lunches you will learn how to:

• Perform instance-to-instance and customized migrations
• Automate security audits, tempdb configuration, alerting, and reporting
• Schedule and monitor PowerShell tasks in SQL Server Agent
• Bulk-import any type of data into SQL Server
• Install dbatools in secure environments

Written by a group of expert authors including dbatools creator Chrissy LeMaire, Learn dbatools in a Month of Lunches teaches you techniques that will make you more effective—and efficient—than you ever thought possible. In twenty-eight lunchbreak lessons, you’ll learn the most important use cases of dbatools and the favorite functions of its core developers. Stabilize and standardize your SQL server environment, and simplify your tasks by building automation, alerting, and reporting with this powerful tool.

This book will show you how to build Java-based microservices architecture using the popular Spring Boot framework by evolving a small monolith application to an event-driven architecture composed of several services. This third edition has been updated to cover Spring Boot 3, including its compatibility with Java 17 and Jakarta EE 10, and employs an incremental approach to teach the structure of microservices, test-driven development, and common patterns in distributed systems such as service discovery, load balancing, routing, centralized logs, per-environment configuration, and containerization.

Authors Moisés Macero and Tarun Telang get the ball rolling by introducing you to the fundamentals of microservices and Spring Boot before walking you through the development of a basic Spring Boot application. You’ll then see how to build a front end using React, and  learn how to use the data layer to read and write data from and to other systems via Spring Boot and its access to Spring Data and its available APIs. Putting together what you've learned thus far, you’ll begin to transform an application from a monolith to a microservice.

This pragmatic approach will enable you to better grasp the benefits of using this type of software architecture, instead of keeping you distracted with theoretical concepts. The emphasis is on what matters most, starting with the minimum viable product, while maintaining the ability to adapt and improve your application as needed. After completing this book, you will have the foundational knowledge necessary to build your own microservice-based applications using Spring Boot.

What You Will Learn

• Gain a thorough understanding of microservices architecture and how it differs from monolithic architectures.
• Discover the step-by-step process of breaking down a monolithic application into smaller, focused services
• Build microservices with Spring Boot 3, Spring Data, Spring Cloud, React.js, Docker, Cucumber, and more
• Develop Java-based microservices using the latest version of Spring Boot, compatible with Java 17 and Jakarta EE 10.
• Discover architecture patterns for distributed systems such as asynchronous processing, eventual consistency, resilience, scalability, and more
• Gain insight into event-driven communication patterns and understand how to design and build event-driven microservices
• Trace every request from beginning to end with Sleuth and centralized logging
• Deploy your microservices anywhere as Docker containers

Who This Book Is For

Those with at least some prior experience with Java programming. Some prior exposure to Spring Boot recommended but not required.

The latest edition of this PostgreSQL book will help you to start using PostgreSQL from absolute scratch, helping you to quickly understand the internal workings of the database. With a structured approach and practical examples, go on a journey that covers the basics, from SQL statements and how to run server-side programs, to configuring, managing, securing, and optimizing database performance.

This new edition will not only help you get to grips with all the recent changes within the PostgreSQL ecosystem but will also dig deeper into concepts like partitioning and replication with a fresh set of examples. The book is also equipped with Docker images for each chapter which makes the learning experience faster and easier. Starting with the absolute basics of databases, the book sails through to advanced concepts like window functions, logging, auditing, extending the database, configuration, partitioning, and replication. It will also help you seamlessly migrate your existing database system to PostgreSQL and contains a dedicated chapter on disaster recovery. Each chapter ends with practice questions to test your learning at regular intervals.

By the end of this book, you will be able to install, configure, manage, and develop applications against a PostgreSQL database.

What you will learn

• Gain a deeper understanding of PostgreSQL internals like transactions, MVCC, security and replication
• Enhance data management with PostgreSQL’s latest partitioning features
• Choose the right replication strategy for your database
• See concrete examples of how to migrate data from another database, perform backups and restores, monitor your PostgreSQL installation and more
• Ensure security and compliance with schemas and user privileges
• Create customized database functions and extensions
• Get to grips with server-side programming, window functions, and triggers

Who this book is for

Learning PostgresSQL 16 book is for anyone interested in learning about the PostgreSQL database from scratch. Anyone looking to build robust data warehousing applications and scale the database for high-availability and performance using the latest features of PostgreSQL will also find this book useful. Although prior knowledge of PostgreSQL is not required, familiarity with databases is expected.

Reading, navigating, and debugging a large frontend codebase is a major issue faced by frontend developers. This book is designed to help web developers like you learn about ReactJS and TypeScript, both of which power large-scale apps for many organizations.

This second edition of Learn React with TypeScript is updated, enhanced, and improved to cover new features of React 18 including hooks, state management libraries, and features of TypeScript 4. The book will enable you to create well-structured and reusable React components that are easy to read and maintain, leveraging modern design patterns.

You’ll be able to ensure that all your components are type-safe, making the most of TypeScript features, including some advanced types. You’ll also learn how to manage complex states using Redux and how to interact with a GraphQL web API. Finally, you’ll discover how to write robust unit tests for React components using Jest.

By the end of the book, you’ll be well-equipped to use both React and TypeScript.

What you will learn

• Gain first-hand experience of TypeScript and its productivity features
• Understand how to transpile your TypeScript code into JavaScript for running in a browser
• Build a React frontend codebase with hooks
• Interact with REST and GraphQL web APIs
• Design and develop strongly typed reusable components
• Create automated component tests

Who this book is for

This book is for experienced frontend developers looking to build large scale web applications using React and TypeScript. Intermediate knowledge of JavaScript, HTML and CSS is a prerequisite.

Learn SQL Server Administration in a Month of Lunches is the perfect way to get started with SQL Server operations, including maintenance, backup and recovery, high availability, and performance monitoring. In about an hour a day over a month, you'll learn exactly what you can do, and what you shouldn't touch. Most importantly, you'll learn the day-to-day tasks and techniques you need to keep SQL Server humming along smoothly.

Do you want to write beautiful, structured, and maintainable JavaScript by applying modern design patterns to the language? Do you want clean, efficient, manageable code? Want to stay up-to-date with the latest best practices? If so, the updated second edition of Learning JavaScript Design Patterns is the ideal place to start.

Author Addy Osmani shows you how to apply modern design patterns to JavaScript and React—including modules, mixins, observers, and mediators. You'll learn about performance and rendering patterns such as server-side rendering and Islands architecture. You'll also learn how architectural patterns like MVC, MVP, and MVVM are useful from the perspective of a modern web application developer.

This book explores:

• Architectural patterns for structuring your components and apps
• More than 20 design patterns in JavaScript and React, applicable for developers at any level
• Different pattern categories including creational, structural, and behavioral
• Essential performance patterns including dynamic imports and code-splitting
• Rendering patterns such as server-side rendering, hydration, Islands architecture, and more

Additionally, you'll explore modern JavaScript syntax like JavaScript modules, React patterns like Hooks, higher-order components (HOCs), and more, to stay ahead in the ever-evolving world of web development.

Spring Boot 3 brings more than just the powerful ability to build secure web apps on top of a rock-solid database. It delivers new options for testing, deployment, Docker support, and native images for GraalVM, along with ways to squeeze out more efficient usage of existing resources.

This third edition of the bestseller starts off by helping you build a simple app, and then shows you how to secure, test, bundle, and deploy it to production. Next, you’ll familiarize yourself with the ability to go “native” and release using GraalVM. As you advance, you’ll explore reactive programming and get a taste of scalable web controllers and data operations. The book goes into detail about GraalVM native images and deployment, teaching you how to secure your application using both routes and method-based rules and enabling you to apply the lessons you’ve learned to any problem. If you want to gain a thorough understanding of building robust applications using the core functionality of Spring Boot, then this is the book for you.

By the end of this Spring Boot book, you’ll be able to build an entire suite of web applications using Spring Boot and deploy them to any platform you need.

What you will learn

• Create powerful, production-grade web applications with minimal fuss
• Support multiple environments with one artifact, and add production-grade support with features
• Find out how to tweak your Java apps through different properties
• Enhance the security model of your apps
• Make use of enhancing features such as native deployment and reactive programming in Spring Boot
• Build anything from lightweight unit tests to fully running embedded web container integration tests
• Get a glimpse of reactive programming and decide if it’s the right approach for you

Who this book is for

This book is for both novices and experienced Spring developers looking to learn how to build applications without wasting time on infrastructure and other tedious details. Working knowledge of the Java programming language is assumed.

TypeScript has conquered the world of JavaScript: it's one of the world's fastest growing and most popular languages across developer surveys, widely used in consumer and business companies alike, and frequently credited for helping massive web applications scale. But what is TypeScript? How does it work, why does it work, and how can we use it?

Learning TypeScript takes beginner to intermediate JavaScript programmers from knowing nothing about "types" or a "type system" to full mastery of the fundamentals of TypeScript. It's more than a means to find bugs and typos--it's a useful system for declaring the way our JavaScript should work and helping us stick to it. You'll learn how TypeScript:

• interacts with JavaScript
• analyzes and understands code
• augments your existing development pattern
• helps you document your code
• works with IDEs to provide refactoring tools
• assists local development in refactoring code
• helps you develop more quickly with fewer bugs

When Lucene first appeared, this superfast search engine was nothing short of amazing. Today, Lucene still delivers. Its high-performance, easy-to-use API, features like numeric fields, payloads, near-real-time search, and huge increases in indexing and searching speed make it the leading search tool.

And with clear writing, reusable examples, and unmatched advice, Lucene in Action, Second Edition is still the definitive guide to effectively integrating search into your applications. This totally revised book shows you how to index your documents, including formats such as MS Word, PDF, HTML, and XML. It introduces you to searching, sorting, and filtering, and covers the numerous improvements to Lucene since the first edition. Source code is for Lucene 3.0.1.

Most organizations with a web presence build and operate APIs; the doorway for customers to interact with the company's services. Designing, building, and managing these critical programs affect everyone in the organization, from engineers and product owners to C-suite executives. But the real challenge for developers and solution architects is creating an API platform from the ground up.

With this practical book, you'll learn strategies for building and testing REST APIs that use API gateways to combine offerings at the microservice level. Authors James Gough, Daniel Bryant, and Matthew Auburn demonstrate how simple additions to this infrastructure can help engineers and organizations migrate to the cloud; and open the opportunity to connect internal services using technologies like a service mesh.

• Learn API fundamentals and architectural patterns for building an API platform
• Use practical examples to understand how to design, build, and test API-based systems
• Deploy, operate, and configure key components of an API platform
• Use API gateways and service meshes appropriately, based on case studies
• Understand core security and common vulnerabilities in API architecture
• Secure data and APIs using threat modeling and technologies like OAuth2 and TLS
• Learn how to evolve existing systems toward API- and cloud-based architectures

Metaprogramming in .NET is designed to help readers understand the basic concepts, advantages and potential pitfalls of metaprogramming. It introduces core concepts in clear, easy-to-follow language and then it takes you on a deep dive into the tools and techniques you'll use to implement them in your .NET code. You'll explore plenty of real-world examples that reinforce key concepts. When you finish, you'll be able to build high-performance, metaprogramming-enabled software with confidence.

Strategies, best practices, and patterns that will help you design resilient microservices architecture and streamline your API integrations.

In Microservice APIs, you’ll discover:

• Service decomposition strategies for microservices
• Documentation-driven development for APIs
• Best practices for designing REST and GraphQL APIs
• Documenting REST APIs with the OpenAPI specification (formerly Swagger)
• Documenting GraphQL APIs using the Schema Definition Language
• Building microservices APIs with Flask, FastAPI, Ariadne, and other frameworks
• Service implementation patterns for loosely coupled services
• Property-based testing to validate your APIs, and using automated API testing frameworks like schemathesis and Dredd
• Adding authentication and authorization to your microservice APIs using OAuth and OpenID Connect (OIDC)
• Deploying and operating microservices in AWS with Docker and Kubernetes

Microservice APIs teaches you practical techniques for designing robust microservices with APIs that are easy to understand, consume, and maintain. You’ll benefit from author José Haro Peralta’s years of experience experimenting with microservices architecture, dodging pitfalls and learning from mistakes he’s made. Inside you’ll find strategies for delivering successful API integrations, implementing services with clear boundaries, managing cloud deployments, and handling microservices security. Written in a framework-agnostic manner, its universal principles can easily be applied to your favorite stack and toolset.

In Microservices in .NET, Second Edition you will learn how to:

• Build scalable microservices that are reliable in production
• Optimize microservices for continuous delivery
• Design event-based collaboration between microservices
• Deploy microservices to Kubernetes
• Set up Kubernetes in Azure

Microservices in .NET, Second Edition is a comprehensive guide to building microservice applications using the .NET stack. After a crystal-clear introduction to the microservices architectural style, it teaches you practical microservices development skills using ASP.NET. This second edition of the bestselling original has been revised with up-to-date tools for the .NET ecosystem, and more new coverage of scoping microservices and deploying to Kubernetes.

Microservices Patterns teaches enterprise developers and architects how to build applications with the microservice architecture. Rather than simply advocating for the use the microservice architecture, this clearly-written guide takes a balanced, pragmatic approach, exploring both the benefits and drawbacks.

Unlike traditional enterprise applications, Microservices applications are collections of independent components that function as a system. Securing the messages, queues, and API endpoints requires new approaches to security both in the infrastructure and the code.

Microservices Security in Action teaches you how to address microservices-specific security challenges throughout the system. This practical guide includes plentiful hands-on exercises using industry-leading open-source tools and examples using Java and Spring Boot.

Looking to build and deploy microservices but not sure where to start? Check out Microservices with Spring Boot 3 and Spring Cloud, Third Edition.

With a practical approach, you'll begin with simple microservices and progress to complex distributed applications. Learn essential functionality and deploy microservices using Kubernetes and Istio.

This book covers Java 17, Spring Boot 3, and Spring Cloud 2022. Java EE packages are replaced with the latest Jakarta EE packages. Code examples are updated and deprecated APIs have been replaced, providing the most up to date information. Gain knowledge of Spring's AOT module, observability, distributed tracing, and Helm 3 for Kubernetes packaging.

Start with Docker Compose to run microservices with databases and messaging services. Progress to deploying microservices on Kubernetes with Istio. Explore persistence, resilience, reactive microservices, and API documentation with OpenAPI. Learn service discovery with Netflix Eureka, edge servers with Spring Cloud Gateway, and monitoring with Prometheus, Grafana, and the EFK stack.

By the end, you'll build scalable microservices using Spring Boot and Spring Cloud.

What you will learn

• Build reactive microservices using Spring Boot
• Develop resilient and scalable microservices using Spring Cloud
• Use OAuth 2.1/OIDC and Spring Security to protect public APIs
• Implement Docker to bridge the gap between development, testing, and production
• Deploy and manage microservices with Kubernetes
• Apply Istio for improved security, observability, and traffic management
• Write and run automated microservice tests with JUnit, test containers, Gradle, and bash
• Use Spring AOT and GraalVM to native compile the microservices
• Use Micrometer Tracing for distributed tracing

Who this book is for

If you're a Java or Spring Boot developer learning how to build microservice landscapes from scratch, then this book is for you. To get started, you need some prior experience in building apps with Java or Spring Boot.

You’ve decided to use microservices in your next project—now what?

Microservices: A Practical Guide is a cookbook of immediately useful techniques you can customize for your project’s unique requirements. Get hands-on with the tools and technologies you need to build robust, production-ready, scalable microservices applications.

MongoDB in Action, Second Edition is a completely revised and updated version. It introduces MongoDB 3.0 and the document-oriented database model. This perfectly paced book gives you both the big picture you'll need as a developer and enough low-level detail to satisfy system engineers.

Manage your data with a system designed to support modern application development. Updated for MongoDB 4.2, the third edition of this authoritative and accessible guide shows you the advantages of using document-oriented databases. You’ll learn how this secure, high-performance system enables flexible data models, high availability, and horizontal scalability.

Authors Shannon Bradshaw, Eoin Brazil, and Kristina Chodorow provide guidance for database developers, advanced configuration for system administrators, and use cases for a variety of projects. NoSQL newcomers and experienced MongoDB users will find updates on querying, indexing, aggregation, transactions, replica sets, ops management, sharding and data administration, durability, monitoring, and security.

In six parts, this book shows you how to:

• Work with MongoDB, perform write operations, find documents, and create complex queries
• Index collections, aggregate data, and use transactions for your application
• Configure a local replica set and learn how replication interacts with your application
• Set up cluster components and choose a shard key for a variety of applications
• Explore aspects of application administration and configure authentication and authorization
• Use stats when monitoring, back up and restore deployments, and use system settings when deploying MongoDB

How do you detangle a monolithic system and migrate it to a microservice architecture? How do you do it while maintaining business-as-usual? As a companion to Sam Newman’s extremely popular Building Microservices, this new book details a proven method for transitioning an existing monolithic system to a microservice architecture.

With many illustrative examples, insightful migration patterns, and a bevy of practical advice to transition your monolith enterprise into a microservice operation, this practical guide covers multiple scenarios and strategies for a successful migration, from initial planning all the way through application and database decomposition. You’ll learn several tried and tested patterns and techniques that you can use as you migrate your existing architecture.

• Ideal for organizations looking to transition to microservices, rather than rebuild
• Helps companies determine whether to migrate, when to migrate, and where to begin
• Addresses communication, integration, and the migration of legacy systems
• Discusses multiple migration patterns and where they apply
• Provides database migration examples, along with synchronization strategies
• Explores application decomposition, including several architectural refactoring patterns
• Delves into details of database decomposition, including the impact of breaking referential and transactional integrity, new failure modes, and more

NGINX is one of the most widely used web servers available today, in part because of its capabilities as a load balancer and reverse proxy server for HTTP and other network protocols. This revised cookbook provides easy-to-follow examples of real-world problems in application delivery. Practical recipes help you set up and use either the open source or commercial offering to solve problems in various use cases.

For professionals who understand modern web architectures such as n-tier or microservice designs and common web protocols such as TCP and HTTP, these recipes include proven solutions for security and software load balancing and for monitoring and maintaining NGINX's application delivery platform. You'll also explore advanced features of both NGINX and NGINX Plus, the free and licensed versions of this server.

You'll find recipes for:

• High-performance load balancing with HTTP, TCP, and UDP
• Securing access through encrypted traffic, secure links, HTTP authentication subrequests, and more
• Deploying NGINX to Google, AWS, and Azure Cloud Services
• NGINX Plus as a service provider in a SAML environment
• HTTP/3 (QUIC), OpenTelemetry, and the njs module

In this book, we will show you how to implement a series of best practices and design patterns to help you create efficient and robust Node.js applications with ease.

We kick off by exploring the basics of Node.js, analyzing its asynchronous event driven architecture and its fundamental design patterns. We then show you how to build asynchronous control flow patterns with callbacks, promises and async/await. Next, we dive into Node.js streams, unveiling their power and showing you how to use them at their full capacity. Following streams is an analysis of different creational, structural, and behavioral design patterns that take full advantage of JavaScript and Node.js. Lastly, the book dives into more advanced concepts such as Universal JavaScript, scalability and messaging patterns to help you build enterprise-grade distributed applications.

Throughout the book, you’ll see Node.js in action with the help of several real-life examples leveraging technologies such as LevelDB, Redis, RabbitMQ, ZeroMQ, and many others. They will be used to demonstrate a pattern or technique, but they will also give you a great introduction to the Node.js ecosystem and its set of solutions.

What you will learn

• Become comfortable with writing asynchronous code by leveraging callbacks, promises, and the async/await syntax
• Leverage Node.js streams to create data-driven asynchronous processing pipelines
• Implement well-known software design patterns to create production grade applications
• Share code between Node.js and the browser and take advantage of full-stack JavaScript
• Build and scale microservices and distributed systems powered by Node.js
• Use Node.js in conjunction with other powerful technologies such as Redis, RabbitMQ, ZeroMQ, and LevelDB

Who this book is for

This book is for developers and software architects who have some prior basic knowledge of JavaScript and Node.js and now want to get the most out of these technologies in terms of productivity, design quality, and scalability. Software professionals with intermediate experience in Node.js and JavaScript will also find valuable the more advanced patterns and techniques presented in this book. This book assumes that you have an intermediate understanding of web application development, databases, and software design principles.

Node.js in Action, Second Edition is a thoroughly revised book based on the best-selling first edition. It starts at square one and guides you through all the features, techniques, and concepts you'll need to build production-quality Node applications.

Node.js: Novice to Ninja is your hands-on guide to learning everything needed to build a professional web application using Node.js, the hugely popular open-source, cross-platform, back-end JavaScript runtime environment. You'll start off by getting familiar with the basics - installation and building your first apps - before moving onto more advanced concepts, including debugging, asynchronous programming, using Express.js, working with databases, deployment, and more. You'll finish by building a complete multi-player real-time quiz application.

• Install Node and build your first application
• Get started with Express.js and use it to process forms
• Master asynchronous programming in Node.js
• Work with MongoDB and MySQL databases
• Use WebSockets for real-time applications
• Understand the Node ecosystem: npm and modules
• Build a complete multiplayer quiz app
• And much more!

The book includes access to 25 high quality tutorial videos, containing 1.5 hours of content.

OAuth 2 in Action teaches you the practical use and deployment of this HTTP-based protocol from the perspectives of a client, authorization server, and resource server. You'll learn how to confidently and securely build and deploy OAuth on both the client and server sides.

The next generation of containers is here. Learn Podman directly from its creator, discover its exceptional security features, and start managing rootless containers that integrate easily into your systems.

In Podman in Action you will learn how to:

• Build and run containers in rootless mode
• Develop and manage pods
• Use SystemD to oversee a container’s lifecycle
• Work with the Podman service via Python
• Keep your containers confined using Podman security features
• Manage containerized applications on edge devices

Podman in Action shows you how to deploy containerized applications on Linux, Windows, and MacOS systems using Podman. Written by Daniel Walsh, who leads the Red Hat Podman team, this book teaches you how to securely manage the entire application lifecycle without human intervention. You’ll quickly get to grips with Podman’s unique advantages over Docker, and learn how easy it is to migrate your Docker-based infrastructure. It also demonstrates how, with Podman, you can easily convert containerized applications into Kubernetes-based microservices.

In PostGIS in Action, Third Edition you will learn:

• An introduction to spatial databases
• Geometry, geography, raster, and topology spatial types, functions, and queries
• Applying PostGIS to real-world problems
• Extending PostGIS to web and desktop applications
• Querying data from external sources using PostgreSQL Foreign Data Wrappers
• Optimizing queries for maximum speed
• Simplifying geometries for greater efficiency

PostGIS in Action, Third Edition teaches readers of all levels to write spatial queries for PostgreSQL. You’ll start by exploring vector-, raster-, and topology-based GIS before quickly progressing to analyzing, viewing, and mapping data. This fully updated third edition covers key changes in PostGIS 3.1 and PostgreSQL 13, including parallelization support, partitioned tables, and new JSON functions that help in creating web mapping applications.

PostgreSQL has seen a huge increase in its customer base in the past few years and is becoming one of the go-to solutions for anyone who has a database-specific challenge. This PostgreSQL book touches on all the fundamentals of Database Administration in a problem-solution format. It is intended to be the perfect desk reference guide.

This new edition focuses on recipes based on the new PostgreSQL 16 release. The additions include handling complex batch loading scenarios with the SQL MERGE statement, security improvements, running Postgres on Kubernetes or with TPA and Ansible, and more. This edition also focuses on certain performance gains, such as query optimization, and the acceleration of specific operations, such as sort. It will help you understand roles, ensuring high availability, concurrency, and replication. It also draws your attention to aspects like validating backups, recovery, monitoring, and scaling aspects. This book will act as a one-stop solution to all your real-world database administration challenges.

By the end of this book, you will be able to manage, monitor, and replicate your PostgreSQL 16 database for efficient administration and maintenance with the best practices from experts.

What you will learn

• Discover how to improve batch data loading with the SQL MERGE statement
• Use logical replication to apply large transactions in parallel
• Improve your back up and recovery performance with server-side compression
• Tackle basic to high-end and real-world PostgreSQL challenges with practical recipes
• Monitor and fine-tune your database with ease
• Learn to navigate the newly introduced features of PostgreSQL 16
• Efficiently secure your PostgreSQL database with new and updated features

Who this book is for

This Postgres book is for database administrators, data architects, database developers, and anyone with an interest in planning and running live production databases using PostgreSQL 14. Those looking for hands-on solutions to any problem associated with PostgreSQL 14 administration will also find this book useful. Some experience with handling PostgreSQL databases will help you to make the most out of this book, however, it is a useful resource even if you are just beginning your Postgres journey

In the simplest terms, event-driven architectures are like onions; they are manageable as a single layer (like a monolith) but when you get into them, they begin to cascade apart and you quickly realize that there are many complex layers (distributed microservices architecture). And that’s when the tears begin.

This prescriptive guide takes you through the steps of moving a platform with millions of users from a monolith to a microservices event-driven architecture. You will learn about the challenges and complexities that arise in high-throughput environments that often contain upwards of hundreds of microservices. This book is designed to be your single best resource for learning how to apply event-driven architectures in real-world scenarios and offers hundreds of patterns to overcome the common and not so common challenges.

While event-driven architectures have been the standard for decoupled, pluggable, evolutionary architectures for years, they have only recently been adopted by enterprises for the purpose of distributed microservices and there is little information about adopting them. Using them at scale can save valuable resources, but requires different considerations, including the added complexity of supporting several moving parts and getting the event schema right from the start in order to avoid large restructuring later on.

Author Hugo Rocha understands that these kinds of challenges, as well as many others, need to be considered from the beginning, and helps teach you the mindset needed to create a deliberate strategy upfront. This book offers learning approaches and patterns to get you up to speed in order to sustainably build and manage event-driven architectures.

What You Will Learn

• Understand the real-world challenges of event-driven architectures and the patterns to deal with those challenges and the trade-offs of each solution
• Leverage the advantages of event-driven architectures to build scalable solutions and address legacy applications
• Plan successful future implementations to avoid common pitfalls and apply proven patterns to deal with challenges in a real-world platform with millions of users
• Decide whether event-driven solutions are the right choice for the requirements at hand
• Discuss and understand advanced concepts about event-driven architectures

Who Is This Book For

Software engineers and software architects. Anyone currently working with microservice architectures, primarily event-driven microservices, will greatly benefit from this book. Readers working with monoliths will benefit, as the book explores migration from a monolithic application to an event-driven microservice architecture.

Online recommender systems help users find movies, jobs, restaurants—even romance! There’s an art in combining statistics, demographics, and query terms to achieve results that will delight them. Learn to build a recommender system the right way: it can make or break your application!

If you've used a more traditional object-oriented language, such as C++ or Java, JavaScript probably doesn't seem object-oriented at all. It has no concept of classes, and you don't even need to define any objects in order to write code. But don't be fooled—JavaScript is an incredibly powerful and expressive object-oriented language that puts many design decisions right into your hands.

In The Principles of Object-Oriented JavaScript, Nicholas C. Zakas thoroughly explores JavaScript's object-oriented nature, revealing the language's unique implementation of inheritance and other key characteristics. You'll learn:

• The difference between primitive and reference values
• What makes JavaScript functions so unique
• The various ways to create objects
• How to define your own constructors
• How to work with and understand prototypes
• Inheritance patterns for types and objects

The Principles of Object-Oriented JavaScript will leave even experienced developers with a deeper understanding of JavaScript. Unlock the secrets behind how objects work in JavaScript so you can write clearer, more flexible, and more efficient code.

Master the Spring Framework, its fundamentals and core topics, and share the authors’ insights and real-world experiences. This book goes well beyond the basics: you'll learn how to leverage the latest Spring Framework 6 to build the various tiers and parts of today's modern, complex enterprise Java applications systems, top to bottom, including data access, SQL generation with jOOQ, persistence with Hibernate, transactions, set up security, classic web and presentation tiers and adding in some reactivity. Spring 6 will be based on the latest available Long Term Support (LTS) release, Java 17. So, you will be able to do the following in your Spring applications: use records, use new utility methods in String class; utilize Local-Variable Syntax for Lambda Parameters; Nested Based Access Control, and more. Integrating Spring with the most used frameworks and libraries is covered in this book, such as Testcontainers, Hibernate, jOOQ, Kafka and many others.

A full sample application allows you to apply many of the technologies and techniques covered in Pro Spring 6 and see how they work together. This book updates the perennial bestseller with the latest that Spring Framework 6 has to offer. Now in its sixth edition, this popular title is by far the most comprehensive and definitive treatment of Spring available. After reading this book, you'll be armed with the power of Spring to build complex applications, top to bottom. The agile, lightweight, open-source Spring Framework continues to be the de facto leading enterprise Java application development framework for today's Java programmers and developers.

What You Will Learn

• What’s new in Spring Framework 6 and how to use it with the latest LTS version of Java, Java 17
• How to integrate Spring with the most renowned and practical frameworks and dependencies
• How to build complex enterprise cloud-native applications using Spring 6
• How to master data access, persistence and transactions
• How to use with Spring Batch, Integration and other key Spring projects

This Book Is For

Experienced Java and enterprise Java developers and programmers. Some experience with Spring highly recommended.

Professional JavaScript for Web Developers, 5th edition, is the gold-standard in intermediate-to-advanced JavaScript programming development books. The author dives directly into the inner workings of JavaScript to help you clean up your code and become a more sophisticated and talented JavaScript developer. From object-oriented programming and inheritance to combining JavaScript with HTML and other markup languages, expert computer engineer Matt Frisbie walks you through everything you need to know to level-up your JavaScript game.

This new edition is updated to include ECMAScript 2023 and later standard releases, the most useful techniques, and a relentless focus on code that works seamlessly in mobile web browsers and with the latest common frameworks and libraries. With this book, you will:

• Get up to date with ECMAScript 2023
• Get acquainted with the newest frameworks and libraries
• Explore advanced topics such as web animation, workers, and the latest APIs
• Get a head start on future ES releases
• Learn to use modern syntax and best practices
• Understand how to optimize performance in JavaScript applications
• Master asynchronous programming patterns using promises, generators, and async/await

Perfect for those who think they already know JavaScript “pretty well,” Professional JavaScript for Web Developers, 5th edition, is the pro-level update that intermediate and advanced web developers have been waiting for.

Any programmer working with a dynamically typed language will tell you how hard it is to scale to more lines of code and more engineers. That’s why Facebook, Google, and Microsoft invented gradual static type layers for their dynamically typed JavaScript and Python code. This practical book shows you how one such type layer, TypeScript, is unique among them: it makes programming fun with its powerful static type system.

If you’re a programmer with intermediate JavaScript experience, author Boris Cherny will teach you how to master the TypeScript language. You’ll understand how TypeScript can help you eliminate bugs in your code and enable you to scale your code across more engineers than you could before.

In this book, you’ll:

• Start with the basics: Learn about TypeScript’s different types and type operators, including what they’re for and how they’re used
• Explore advanced topics: Understand TypeScript’s sophisticated type system, including how to safely handle errors and build asynchronous programs
• Dive in hands-on: Use TypeScript with your favorite frontend and backend frameworks, migrate your existing JavaScript project to TypeScript, and run your TypeScript application in production

Programming with Types teaches you to design safe, resilient, correct software that’s easy to maintain and understand by taking advantage of the power of strong type systems. Designed to provide practical, instantly useful techniques for working developers, this clearly written tutorial introduces you to using type systems to support everyday programming tasks.

Next.js is a scalable and high-performance React.js framework for modern web development and provides a large set of features, such as hybrid rendering, route prefetching, automatic image optimization, and internationalization, out of the box. If you are looking to create a blog, an e-commerce website, or a simple website, this book will show you how you can use the multipurpose Next.js framework to create an impressive user experience.

Starting with the basics of Next.js, the book demonstrates how the framework can help you reach your development goals. You'll realize how versatile Next.js is as you build real-world applications with step-by-step explanations. This Next.js book will guide you in choosing the right rendering methodology for your website, securing it, and deploying it to different providers, all while focusing on performance and developer happiness.

By the end of the book, you'll be able to design, build, and deploy modern architectures using Next.js with any headless CMS or data source.

What you will learn

• Get up to speed with Next.js essentials and learn how to build apps quickly
• Understand how to create scalable Next.js architectures
• Choose between different rendering strategies, such as client-side rendering (CSR), static site generation (SSG), server-side rendering (SSR), and incremental static regeneration (ISR)
• Write unit tests and integration tests in your Next.js application
• Discover the powerful routing system and Next.js' built-in components
• Design and build modern architectures with Next.js using GraphCMS or any headless CMS

Who this book is for

This book is for web developers who want to improve their React skills by building scalable and maintainable full-stack applications using the modern Next.js web framework. Intermediate-level knowledge of ES6+, React, Node.js, and REST is assumed.